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    "Here, you see examples of four system calls - open, read, write and close. Don't fret over the details of the syntax; that's not important right now. The point is this: through these system calls (and a few others) the Linux kernel provides the illusion of a 'file' - a sequence of bytes of data that has a name - and protects you from the underlying details of tracks and sectors and heads and free block lists that you'd have to get into if you wanted to talk to the hardware directly. That's what we mean by an abstraction.

This article is part of the ongoing Productivity Tips for Geeks series. cd is one of the most frequently used command during a Unix session. In this article, I've provided 6 cd command hacks, which will boost your productivity instantly and make it easier to navigate the directory structure from command line.

Hack #1: Use CDPATH to define the base directory for cd command

If you are frequently doing cd to subdirectories of a specific parent directory, you can set the CDPATH to the parent directory and perform cd to the subdirectories without giving the parent directory path as explained below.

One way to create scripts that read user input is to use the command read. The read command takes a variable as an argument and stores the read input in the variable. The variable can then be used to process the user input. For example, read VARIABLE reads user input into the variable with the name VARIABLE.

The script pauses at this point, waiting for user input until Enter is pressed.

To tell the user to enter something, you need to print (echo) a line with some information, such as the following:

As the topic said, I want to show you guys how to create a simple shell scripting for beginners which are interested in shell programming language. Before writing the simple shell scripting, you should consider a few points about scripting in general. A shell script is basically an ASCII text file containing commands to be executed in sequence.